Lead-acid batteries, also known as secondary batteries, rechargeable batteries, rechargeable batteries and primary batteries, are devices capable of converting chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Its core construction consists of metallic lead as the electrode, and manganese dioxide or nickel sulphate as the positive active substance. The electrolyte, on the other hand, consists of an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid. In the discharge state, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead; while in the charging state, the main component of the positive and negative electrodes are both lead sulphate.
Lead acid type batteries are composed of electrodes made from lead, an electrolyte solution containing sulphuric acid, and a separator material to prevent the electrodes from coming into direct contact. The lead electrodes are typically grid structures, with the positive electrode (cathode) containing lead dioxide and the negative electrode (anode) containing pure lead or lead antimony. The lead acid battery has a nominal voltage of 2V, although multiple cells can be connected in series to achieve higher voltage levels. These batteries have a wide operating temperature range, typically from -20°C to 40°C, which makes them suitable for various climatic conditions.
Lead-acid batteries have a variety of specifications, and their capacity is usually expressed in terms of the unit of ampere-hour (Ah). Common lead-acid batteries include 6V series and 12V series.The specifications of 6V series batteries include 4.5Ah, 7Ah, 12Ah, 20Ah, 35Ah, 100Ah, 150Ah and so on. Each size has its own specific dimensions, for example, a 4.5Ah battery measures 70mm x 47mm x 101mm, while a 150Ah battery measures 484mm x 171mm x 241mm.These batteries are suitable for use in a variety of small electronic devices such as security systems, small UPSs and emergency lighting.The 12V series of batteries are more common, with sizes including 1.2Ah, 4Ah, 7Ah, 18Ah, 28Ah, 45Ah, 90Ah, 120Ah, and more. The dimensions of these batteries vary depending on the capacity, such as the 1.2Ah battery with dimensions of 97mm x 43mm x 52mm. 12V lead-acid batteries are widely used in solar energy systems, electric vehicles, UPS systems, and other applications that require longer standby power times due to their higher voltage and diverse capacity options.
When choosing a lead-acid battery, in addition to considering its capacity and specifications, you also need to pay attention to factors such as its life, discharge characteristics, weight and charging time. For example, the life of a battery will have a direct impact on its cost of use, while the discharge characteristics determine the performance of the battery under different conditions of use. In addition, weight is also a factor to consider, especially in applications that require mobility or portability. The charging time, on the other hand, is related to the battery's charging efficiency and ease of use.In addition,
lead-acid batteries are categorised in quite a variety of ways. For example, valve-regulated sealed maintenance-free battery is a typical type of lead-acid battery, which consists of two single cells, one for the negative plate and the other for the positive plate. This type of battery does not require frequent maintenance during use, reducing operating costs for the user.
However, despite its wide range of applications and multiple advantages, the lead-acid battery has some inherent disadvantages, such as a relatively high self-discharge rate and low energy density. These problems limit the application of lead-acid batteries in some specific areas to a certain extent.In general, lead-acid batteries, as an important power supply equipment, have a variety of specifications and different performance. When choosing and using them, they need to be considered comprehensively according to the actual needs and conditions in order to achieve the best results. With the continuous development of science and technology, the performance of lead-acid batteries is also being optimised, and it is believed that more innovative products and technologies will appear in the future to bring more convenience to people's lives.
Please note that the above content is only a brief introduction to the lead-acid battery, in fact, the lead-acid battery's structure, working principle, application areas and future development of the battery involves a lot of professional knowledge, and requires more in-depth research and understanding. For more information, it is recommended to consult relevant literature or professionals.
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